Instigator

Instigator

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Crossover hot-spot instigator (Chi) sequences (5'-GCTGGTGG-3') are orientation-dependent, strand-specific sequences implicated in RecA-mediated DNA recombination. In Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae Chi and Chi-like sequences preferentially locate to approx. 1kb recombination 'islands' in the mRNA-synonymous strands of open reading frames (ORFs). Since mRNA-synonymous strands follow Szybalski's transcription direction rule in being G-rich, and the average ORF is about 1kb, then, on this basis alone, Chi sequences are seen to reside in 1kb G-rich 'islands'. However, RecA preferentially binds GT-rich sequences, suggesting that genomic context might potentiate Chi action. Consistent with this, we report for E. coli that 1kb sequence windows with Chi near their centres are a distinct subset of total 1kb windows, the mRNA-synonymous strands being preferentially enriched in both G and T. Chi function might be particularly important for bacteria that survive high temperature and radiation. These often exist in habitats where recombination with E. coli DNA would be unlikely, so canonical Chi sequences might not confer a selective disadvantage in this respect. In general, Chi sequences are not more frequent in thermophilic bacteria and Deinococcus radiodurans, than in E. coli and other mesophilic bacteria. Only two of five thermophilic bacteria examined showed preferential location of Chi sequences to mRNA-synonymous strands. In the thermophile Methanococcus jannaschii, windows containing the canonical Chi sequence do not form a distinct subset. We suggest that in thermophilic bacteria and D. radiodurans the Chi function may be achieved by sequences that differ from the canonical Chi sequence, or that the number of these sequences is sufficient, or that the Chi function is unnecessary.

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Given the shifting support for fighting, the historical rhetoric of its importance, and the more recent data of harmful health consequences, this paper aims to characterize fighting trends in the NHL. To achieve this goal, we will first characterize the trajectory of fighting rates, then determine the impact of the instigator rule on fighting rates, and finally examine the relationship between fighting and team success. We propose that the rate of fighting has continued to trend downwards, especially following the implementation of the instigator rule, and that increased fighting does not correlate with improved outcomes. Overall, we hope to obtain evidence that fighting provides no significant positive impact in the NHL and that the potential health hazards outweigh the rewards.

Analysis was achieved using the t-tests with two-tailed distribution and heteroscedastic variance. Specifically, when comparing the various outcome categories (nonplayoff teams, playoff teams, conference champions, and Stanley Cup champions) between different time eras (i.e., modern vs. expansion) and rule eras (i.e., preinstigator rule vs. postinstigator rule), t-tests were used.

This study has revealed that fighting in the NHL has declined over the recent years and has been significantly influenced by rule modifications such as the instigator rule. Furthermore, there is no observed association between fights per game and seasonal outcomes, despite more fights per game having a statistically significant negative impact on points earned per season. These findings refute existing rhetoric that fighting is helpful in generating more wins per season. These findings may prompt new discussions regarding the role of fighting in the NHL.

An important takeaway arises when we consider these findings together. First, fighting has been declining over the past 30 years, and so has the number of minor penalties, suggesting fighting is not necessary to curtail alternative violent rule infarctions. Second, in both the Modern Era and the Expansion Era (the era known to be more sympathetic towards fighting), we see no evidence that fighting has a positive impact on winning. Finally, when examining the impact of the instigator rule (a rule intended to curtail fighting), we indeed observed a reduction in the number of fights during gameplay. Considering these findings together and the recent literature on injuries and player safety, we see compelling evidence that a further reduction in NHL fighting would be unlikely to impact the NHL in a negative manner.

Fighting in the NHL has been consistently declining over the past 30 years. This study observed that fighting was never found to consistently improve team success and that fighting was in fact detrimental. Furthermore, recent rule changes to reduce fighting (i.e., the instigator rule) have been successfully implemented with no offsetting rise in minor penalties. These findings, especially when considered in the context of recent player injury data, provide evidence to reexamine the relationship between fighting and the NHL and consider the appropriate trajectory moving forward.

A form of the rule has existed as far back as 1937 -- \"A Major penalty shall be imposed on any player who starts fisticuffs,\" the League's rule book read that year -- but it was before the start of the 1992-93 season that the instigator began changing and shaping the NHL that exists today.

\"A player deemed to be the instigator of fisticuffs shall be assessed a Game Misconduct,\" became the official wording of the rule in 1992. It was most recently adjusted in 1996 to levy a two-minute minor, a five-minute major and a 10-minute misconduct to the guilty party. The rule was designed to curb fighting, which statistics show has steadily decreased during the past 20 years.

It was during Stein's brief time in power that the instigator rule was updated. Many believe the purpose of the rule was to limit fighting and make the game more attractive for casual fans and television broadcasters.

But it was at that BOG meeting that the discussion of levying a game misconduct against anyone who fights -- not just the instigator of the fight -- first took place. Seven of the 24 teams in the League at that time were in favor, and instead a compromise was reached that resulted in the rule that was passed.

In the six seasons leading up to '92-93, the percentage of fights that included an instigator penalty were as high as 31.7 percent ('86-87) and never lower than 26.1 percent ('87-88). That number dropped to 15.4 percent in '92-93 and dipped to 9.9 percent in '95-96.

In 115 career games, he amassed 416 penalty minutes. In '92-93, the first year of the new instigator rule, he compiled 97 penalty minutes in 24 games split between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings and tied for the NHL lead with four instigator penalties despite playing less than a third of the season.

\"I remember fighting Darcy Loewen in Ottawa when he went after Paul Coffey,\" Thomson told NHL.com. \"Well, hello, I'm not going to wait to square off. I was guilty of jumping the gun. You could say I was an unsure fighter and I jumped guys. I just knew if I was going to fight, I was going to get the jump. There's a code of standing off, but just the situations, like the one with Darcy Loewen, he's trying to fight Paul Coffey. I step in and go after him and sure, I'm going to get an instigator, but I'm not going to let him go after one of my star players.

According to the Elias Sports Bureau, in '92-93, there were 102 instigator penalties called. The following season, the infraction was called 107 times, but the League went from 24 to 26 teams that season, so there were fewer instigator penalties called per game. The number dipped to 63 during the '93-94 season. The 2011-12 season saw the fewest number of instigator penalties called -- 38 -- since the inception of the updated rule.

Thomson had the mentality of most players -- they wanted to police themselves on the ice. If a player was going to come after a teammate or star with a dirty hit, they wanted to dispense justice -- and the instigator penalty, they argued, takes away the ability to do that.

Gregson was an NHL referee from 1979 to 2004, which means the new instigator penalty came about right in the middle of his career. He refereed in eight Stanley Cup Finals, 158 playoff games and 1,427 regular-season games.

The instigator penalty has become a lightning rod for critics across the years. Gregson said he didn't see any issues with a rule that had been on the books in some form for nearly 60 years. Fighting still exists in today's game, but Gregson said the new instigator rule resulted in the enforcer becoming almost obsolete.

By the time the summer of 1992 rolled around, Clarke was with the Flyers as senior vice president, a position he holds now. Despite his pugilistic heritage as a player, he was on board with installing the instigator penalty.

\"He wanted fighting out altogether,\" Clarke said. \"The managers took a vote on it and the managers didn't want that. It went to the governors, and they ended up coming up with the instigator rule. Whoever started a fight was going to get five, 10 and a game misconduct.

\"I think if you took the instigator out, it might help some, but I don't think it's going to stop it,\" Clarke said. \"The game played in those days was much safer than today's game because you were allowed to defend yourself. Your winger was allowed to step in front of guys and protect his teammate by hooking him or interfering with him. The ferocious hitting has increased enormously since the [obstruction] rule changes.

Sorry, but your mom is an instigator. You were excited, you had support from your colleagues, and you felt confident. Instead of telling you that she believed in you, your mom made you feel small with her doubt. Classic instigator.

Each staging of Seeing Truth will engage with INSTIGATOR OBJECTS, objects pulled from the collection of the Research Library at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. These objects do not try to communicate static truths but, instead, seek to inspire conversation about how we make and communicate knowledge. Partnering institutions will offer the instigator objects as prompts to ask questions of their collections and to their audiences. Each iteration of Seeing Truth will be distinct, providing more freedom for audiences and exhibition sites to be in dialogue about truth, art, science, and the process of making knowledge. Each object serves as a philosophical, ethical, artistic, and scientific jumping-off point, the start to a conversation as opposed to the end of one. 59ce067264

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